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Rac (Related to the A and C kinases) protein kinase shows 73% and 68% to Protein Kinase C and PKA, respectively, and is also known as Protein Kinase B (PKB). It was also identified as the product of the v-akt oncogene from T-cell lymphomas. PKB mRNA is expressed in a wide variety of cell lines and has been detected in porcine brain, heart, liver, kidney, muscle, and ovary. Rac phosphorylates a number of physiological substrates including MBP, glycogen synthetase, PKA RII subunit, and histone H1. PKB is activated in response to growth factors through the activation of PI3-kinase and Ras. Activation of PI3-Kinase generates phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate which may induce the membrane translocation of PKB coincident with its phosphorylation and activation. Cellular stress leading to the activation of the p38 MAP kinase also induces PKB activation, indicating a multiplicity of signaling pathways that activate PKB. Upon activation, PKB associates with some members of the PKC family of kinases, such as PKCδ and PKCζ. Downstream of PKB, GSK3 is thus far the only identified substrate for PKB phosphorylated in vivo.Immunofluorescence, Immunoprecipitation, Western Blotting
