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TGF beta-1 (TGFB1,Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1) is a polypeptide member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily of cytokines,found almost ubiquitously in tissues. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-b is stored in the extracellular matrix as a latent complex with its pro-domain. Activation of TGF beta-1 requires the binding of aV integrin to an RGD sequence in the prodomain and exertion of force on this domain,which is held in the extracellular matrix by latent TGF-b binding proteins. Latent forms are complexes of TGF beta-1,an amino-terminal portion of the TGF-beta precursor,designated TGF-LAP (TGF-latency associated peptide),and a specific binding protein,known as LTBP. TGF beta-1 helps regulates proliferation,differentiation,adhesion,migration in many cell types. Many cells have TGF beta receptors,and the protein positively and negatively regulates many other growth factors. TGF beta-1 is cleaved into a latency-associated peptide and a mature TGF beta-1 peptide,and is found in either a latent form composed of a TGFB1 homodimer,a LAP homodimer,and a latent TGFB1-binding protein,or in an active form composed of a TGF beta-1 homodimer. The mature peptide may also form heterodimers with other TGF beta family members. The gene for TGF beta-1 is frequently upregulated in tumor cells,and mutations in this gene result in Camurati-Engelmann disease and cystic fibrosis.
